John Wright, Industrial Hygiene Service Leader with Associate Antea Group USA provides an overview of the importance of healthy workplace environments which includes indoor air quality.
We spend nearly 90% of our lives indoors whether at work, at home, or in transit. Yet indoor air quality is often overlooked when discussing health and wellbeing. Elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from furniture, finishes, cleaning products and fragrances, and pollutants entering buildings from traffic, energy generation, dust, agriculture, and waste activities all contribute to the air we breathe indoors.
Poor indoor air quality affects more than comfort. Short-term exposure can lead to eye irritation, headaches, fatigue, dizziness, and difficulty concentrating, symptoms often grouped under “Sick Building Syndrome”, and frequently misattributed to stress or workload. Over time, chronic exposure to air pollution, both indoors and outdoors, has been linked to more serious outcomes including cardiovascular disease, stroke, respiratory illness, certain cancers, and emerging evidence suggests possible associations with neurodegenerative conditions.
The World Health Organization has long highlighted that indoor air pollution remains a major but under-recognized public health issue. Globally, air pollution contributes to millions of premature deaths each year, with a significant proportion associated with indoor exposure. While access to clean drinking water is widely recognized as a basic right, access to clean air receives far less attention despite being equally fundamental.
Air quality also directly affects workplace performance. Research consistently shows that cognitive function, productivity, and decision-making decline in poorly ventilated environments. Even moderate improvements in ventilation and pollutant reduction have been associated with measurable gains in work performance, sometimes in the range of several percentage points.
Air contains a mixture of gases and microscopic particles known as particulate matter (PM). Among these, PM2.5, particles 2.5 micrometers or smaller, are of particular concern. These particles are small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, potentially affecting multiple organs. Because they are invisible to the naked eye, their presence often goes unnoticed without monitoring.
Many countries set legal limits for ambient air pollution. However, regulatory thresholds do not necessarily represent a “safe” level of exposure. For example, in several jurisdictions, legal limits for PM2.5 remain significantly higher than the guideline values recommended by the World Health Organization. Although overall trends may show improvement, exposure levels in many regions continue to exceed health-based recommendations.
Workplace regulations typically focus on ventilation and control of hazardous substances. In the UK, for example, the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations require employers to provide sufficient fresh or purified air in enclosed workplaces. Guidance further states that supplied air should be free from impurities likely to cause ill health. Substances covered under COSHH regulations must be controlled where present, and Workplace Exposure Limits (WELs) apply to specific hazardous substances.
However, being below a regulatory limit does not automatically mean that exposure poses no risk, particularly when considering long-term, low-level exposure or cumulative effects. Moreover, offices and similar workplaces are often not formally classified as “sensitive receptors” in air quality planning guidance, and there is typically no explicit legal requirement to conduct routine indoor air quality assessments.
Despite this, increasing numbers of organizations are proactively assessing and improving their indoor environments. Motivations vary: reducing absenteeism, enhancing employee wellbeing, meeting ESG commitments, improving productivity, mitigating potential legal liability, or aligning with broader sustainability goals.
At its core, the issue is straightforward. Employers have a duty of care to provide a safe and healthy working environment. As scientific understanding of air quality evolves, expectations around what constitutes a “healthy” indoor environment are evolving too.
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